久性、竞争性、适应性和可进化性,那么我们该如何调和这些事实?

 

我们的论点是,生命的起源比通常认为的更为普遍和多样,至少在等价原则的层面上是如此。但这并意味说地球上相当独特的生命历史是常见的。支持地球上生命首次出现的特殊化学成分,事实上可能是一种相当罕见的通用生命机器,这就是为什么尝试完全合成前生物具有如此大的挑战性。

 

我们希望清楚表明,在地球历史偶然的生物化条件学中实现生命的困难,不应该与实现生命这一更普遍的问题相混淆。此外,某些其它系统的起源可能比生命起源更容易。人类世界可能就是这一观念一个很好的例子,其中智能、文化、社会结构和数字计算机都能充当了许多新生命形式起源爆发的现成基质。

 

三、讨论

 

我们认为,生命的涌现视角就是焦点从历史和特定的物质实例(L1)到更普遍的共享约束(L2)和普遍的优化类(L3)层的转移。与这种想法一致,以前的工作认为,我们对生命的大部分理解应该集中在信息、算法和计算层次的转变上(Walker and Davies 2013)。生命的最终理论肯定会有来自工程、计算、物理(Walker 2017)和进化的抽象理论的成分,但我们期望还需要新的视角和工具,就像计算的理论一样。

 

一旦L1-L2的质料和约束条件出现,能够支持L3,那么L3就可以招致新种类的L1-L2来产生不同形式的生命。例如,人工生命是由与有机进化的生命完全不同的质料和约束条件支持的。然而,有机进化的生命首先出现,也就是说,第一个L3需要得到有机大分子的支持。这表明一种可能的加速生命生产的理论,即新的L3水平以越来越快的速度到达。

 

当然,这是有证据的。从生物学角度看,物质文化是相对较新的:石器首次出现在200万年前,洞穴艺术出现在7万年前,楔形文字出现在5000年前,活字印刷出现在500年前。布尔逻辑是在不到两百年前发明的,第一台通用计算机是在七十多年前建成的。计算机的诞生显然需要所有这些先前的文化发明的存在才有可能。文化的历史是一部依赖性的历史,即所谓的内隐缩放(implicational scaling),也是一部加速的历史。

 

我们的主张是,当能够揭示许多生命的起源和类型时,我们将能够得到一个新的生命理论。它应该能够强调生命是最终同质性(收敛),而非完全同质,即生命是从许多不同的轨迹中反复发现的。它应该能够定义许多轨迹的所有生命终点之间的共同点,并且能够给任何系统或过程分配一个“生命性”的程度。

 

在这一点上,我们不知道我们的框架是否意味着L3中的生命空间有相当模糊的边界,或者边界是尖锐的,而生命度(degrees-of-livingness)应该用它们与这个边界的距离来衡量。我们怀疑这些边界将在很大程度上取决于L1中变化的性质。例如,L1的致命性基因敲除突变会导致L3的不连续变化。

 

无论如何,最近很多相关努力已经开始为一系列的生命特征构建度量标准。例如,物体所需装配的量化(Marshall et al. 2017a, 2021;Murray et al. 2018),个体信息理论的分解(Krakauer et al.2020),生命系统的因果边界(Marshall et al.2017b),系统主体的物理评估(Kolchinsky and Wolpert 2018),以及功能信息的获得过程(Lachmann and Walker 2019)等,最近都被提出来,并都是有前景的未来方向。

 

同样,最近的其他努力也阐明了L2的一般制约因素,如基本能量、细胞生理学与进化过程之间的联系(Savage et al. 2004;West and Brown 2005;DeLong et al. 2010;Lane and Martin 2010;Kempes et al. 2012;Lynch and Marinov 2015;Kempes et al. 2016, 2019;Ilker and Hinczewski 2019)

 

正是从天体生物学的角度来看,在我们搜寻地外演化痕迹时,我们所支持的原则的主张将显示出最大价值。这可能包括,像自组织临界性这样广泛的原则,高度优化的网络结构的特征,互信息最大化的证据,多适应性时间尺度特征的涌现,以及广泛的结构趋同等等。

 

生命起源于多少亿年前(生命已经在地球上出现了很多次)

表3:不同领域和学科对每个层次的重视程度的排序。最高重视程度=1,最低重视程度=3;最后一栏,物理理论评级 x=3,y=2 ,生物物理理论 x=2,y=3。

圣塔菲研究所官网专门介绍了这篇论文,以下是这篇推介文章的翻译:

 

地球生命史常常被比喻为一场历时40亿年的火炬接力。一束火焰在链条的起端被点燃,继而以同样的形式一直传递着生命。我们就好像看着这样的生命之火一直像奥林匹斯火炬传递着——且容我们转念一下,如果用眼睛这个独立起源演变的聚合器官来比喻,会有可能更好地理解生命吗?如果生命起源不仅仅是一次,而是多次独立进化的结果呢?

 

在发表于 Journal of Molecular Evolution 的一篇新论文中,圣塔菲研究所的研究人员 Chris Kempes 和 David Krakauer 认为,为了认识生命的全部形式,我们必须开发一个新的理论框架。

 

在他们的三层框架中,Kempes 和 Krakauer 呼吁研究人员,首先要考虑生命可能存在的全部质料空间,其次限制可能的生命宇宙的物理约束,最后是驱动适应性的优化过程。总体来说,该框架将生命视作适应性信息,并采用计算的类比来捕捉生命的核心过程。

 

当在新框架中考虑生命时,出现了几种重要的可能性。首先,生命曾经多次起源——一些表面上的适应过程实际上是“一种新的生命形式,而不仅仅是一种适应”,Krakauer 解释说,新框架采取的形式比传统定义所允许的要广泛得多。文化、计算和森林都是这个框架中的生命形式。正如 Kempes 所言,“人类文化生活在思想的质料上,就像多细胞生物生活在单细胞生物的质料上一样”。

 

当研究人员专注于单个生物体的生命特征时,他们往往忽略了生物体的生命在多大程度上依赖整个生态系统作为其基本材料,也忽略了一个生命系统可能具有更多或更少的生命方式。相比之下,在 Kempes-Krakauer 框架内,出现了另一种含义:生命成为一个连续体,而不是一个二元现象。在这一点上,作者指出了最近的各种努力,这些工作从定量上将生命置于一个光谱上。

 

Kempes 和 Krakauer 希望通过更广泛地看待生命原则,产生研究生命更多更丰富的理论。Krakauer 认为,有了更清晰的寻找生命形式的原则,以及从新的原则中产生的新的可能的生命形式的范围,我们不仅将澄清生命是什么,也将更好地“建造设备寻找生命”,在实验室中创造生命,并认识到我们看到的生命是究竟是有多少“生命度”的。

 

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原文链接:

https://www.santafe.edu/news-center/news/sfi-researchers-publish-new-theory-lifes-multiple-origins

 

本文来自微信公众号:集智俱乐部(ID:swarma_org),作者:Christopher Kempes、David Krakauer 

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